Sisebenzisa iikuki ukuphucula amava akho.Ngokuqhubeka nokukhangela le ndawo, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu iikuki.Iinkcukacha ezithe xaxe.
I-Polyurethane foam (PU) iqhele ukusetyenziselwa ulwakhiwo ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngokutyhalela ekukhupheni i-zero, izixhobo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo zifumana ingqwalasela eyongeziweyo.Ukuphucula isidima sabo sohlaza kubalulekile.
I-Polyurethane foam yipolymer ebandakanya iiyunithi ze-organic monomer ezidityaniswe yi-urethane.I-polyurethane yinto ekhaphukhaphu enomxholo ophezulu womoya kunye nesakhiwo esivulekileyo seeseli.I-polyurethane iveliswa ngokuphendula kwe-disocyanate okanye i-triisocyanate kunye ne-polyols kwaye inokuguqulwa ngokubandakanywa kwezinye izinto.
I-polystyrene foam inokwenziwa kwi-polyurethane yobunzima obahlukeneyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yayo.I-Thermoset polyurethane foam lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo, kodwa ezinye iipholima ze-thermoplastic zikhona.Iinzuzo eziphambili ze-foam ye-thermoset kukumelana nomlilo, ukuguquguquka kunye nokuqina.
I-Polyurethane foam isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwishishini lokwakha ngenxa yokumelana nomlilo, ubuncinci besakhiwo kunye neempawu zokukhusela.Isetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezomeleleyo kodwa zikhaphukhaphu zokwakha kwaye inokuphucula iimpawu zobuhle bezakhiwo.
Iindidi ezininzi zefenitshala kunye nekhaphethi ziqulethe i-polyurethane ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, indleko-esebenzayo kunye nokuqina.Imimiselo ye-EPA ifuna ukuba izinto ziphiliswe ngokupheleleyo ukumisa ukusabela kokuqala kunye nokuphepha iingxaki zetyhefu.Ukongeza, i-polyurethane foam inokuphucula ukumelana nomlilo kwibhedi kunye nefenitshala.
Ukutshiza i-polyurethane foam (SPF) sisixhobo sokugquma esiphambili esiphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokukhululeka kwesakhiwo.Ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo zokugquma kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kwaye kuphucula umgangatho womoya wangaphakathi.
I-PU-based adhesives isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweemveliso zokhuni ezifana ne-MDF, i-OSB kunye ne-chipboard.Ukuguquguquka kwe-PU kuthetha ukuba ingasetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokugquma isandi kunye nokumelana nokunxiba, ukumelana nobushushu obugqithisileyo, ukuxhathisa kwe-mildew, ukumelana nokuguga, njl.
Nangona i-polyurethane foam iluncedo kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezininzi zokwakha izakhiwo, ineengxaki ezithile.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuzinza kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe le nto kuye kwabuzwa kakhulu, kwaye uphando lokujongana nale miba luye lwaxhaphaka kakhulu kwiincwadi.
Eyona nto iphambili ethintela ukusebenzelana kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe le mathiriyeli kukusetyenziswa kwee-isocyanates ezisebenza kakhulu kunye netyhefu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuvelisa.Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-catalysts kunye ne-surfactants nazo zisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amagwebu e-polyurethane aneempawu ezahlukeneyo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga ne-30% yawo onke amagwebu enziwe ngokutsha enziwe ngepolyurethane aphelela kwindawo yokulahla inkunkuma, nto leyo ebangela ingxaki enkulu yokusingqongileyo kushishino lokwakha ngenxa yokuba imathiriyeli ayiboli lula.Malunga nesinye kwisithathu sogwebu lwepolyurethane luyahlaziywa.
Kusekuninzi ekufuneka kuphuculwe kwezi ndawo, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izifundo ezininzi ziye zaphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwe-polyurethane foam kunye nezinye izinto ze-polyurethane.Iindlela zomzimba, iikhemikhali kunye nebhayoloji yokurisayikilisha zidla ngokusetyenziswa ukubuyisela i-polyurethane amagwebu kusetyenziso olongezelelekileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku akukho zikhetho zokuphinda zisetyenziswe ezibonelela ngekhwalithi ephezulu, enokuphinda isetyenziswe, kunye nemveliso yesiphelo ezinzileyo.Phambi kokuba ukurisayikilishwa kwe-polyurethane foam kunokuthathwa njengokhetho olusebenzayo kushishino lolwakhiwo kunye nefenitshala, imiqobo efana neendleko, imveliso ephantsi kunye nokungabikho okumandla kweziseko ezingundoqo zokurisayikilisha kufuneka kulungiswe.
Eli phepha, elapapashwa ngoNovemba ka-2022, liphonononga iindlela zokuphucula ukuzinza kunye nokusebenziseka kwakhona kwesi sixhobo sokwakha sibalulekileyo.Uphononongo, olwenziwa zizazinzulu zeYunivesithi yaseLiege eBelgium, lwapapashwa kwiphephancwadi i-Angewandte Chemie International Edition.
Le ndlela intsha ibandakanya ukutshintshwa kokusetyenziswa kwee-isocyanates ezinetyhefu kakhulu kunye ne-reactive kunye nezixhobo ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo.Ikharbon diokside, enye imichiza eyingozi kwimekobume, isetyenziswa njengento ekrwada kule ndlela intsha yokuvelisa ugwebu oluluhlaza lwepolyurethane.
Le nkqubo yokwenziwa kokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo isebenzisa amanzi ukwenza i-ejenti yogwebu, ilinganisa itekhnoloji yogwebu esetyenziswa kwi-polyurethane foam processing kunye nokuphepha ngempumelelo ukusetyenziswa kwe-isocyanates enobungozi kokusingqongileyo.Isiphumo sokugqibela yigwebu lepolyurethane eluhlaza abathi ababhali bathi "NIPU."
Ukongeza kumanzi, inkqubo isebenzisa i-catalyst ukuguqula i-cyclic carbonate, enye indawo eluhlaza kwi-isocyanates, ibe yi-carbon dioxide ukucoca i-substrate.Ngelo xesha, i-foam iyaqina ngokusabela nge-amines kwizinto eziphathekayo.
Inkqubo entsha eboniswe kwiphepha ivumela ukuveliswa kwezinto eziphantsi koxinano oluqinileyo lwe-polyurethane kunye nokusabalalisa kwepore rhoqo.Ukuguqulwa kweekhemikhali kwenkunkuma ye-carbon dioxide kunika ukufikelela lula kwi-cyclic carbonates kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa.Isiphumo sisenzo esiphindwe kabini: ukubunjwa kwe-agent ye-foaming kunye nokwakheka kwe-PU matrix.
Iqela lophando lenze itekhnoloji yemodyuli elula, ekulula ukuyisebenzisa, ethi, xa idityaniswe nemveliso efumanekayo nengabizi kakhulu yokusingqongileyo, idale isizukulwana esitsha se-polyurethane foam kushishino lokwakha.Oku ke ngoko kuya komeleza iinzame zolu shishino zokuphumeza ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ezingapheleliyo.
Nangona kungekho ndlela enye yokuphucula ukuzinza kwishishini lokwakha, uphando luyaqhubeka kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujongana nale ngxaki ibalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo.
Iindlela ezintsha, ezifana neteknoloji entsha evela kwiqela leYunivesithi yaseLiege, iya kunceda kakhulu ukuphucula ubuhlobo bendalo kunye nokuphinda kusetyenziswe i-polyurethane foam.Kubalulekile ukubuyisela iikhemikhali eziyityhefu kakhulu ezisetyenziselwa ukurisayikilishwa kunye nokuphucula ukonakaliswa kwe-biodegradability ye-polyurethane foam.
Ukuba ishishini lokwakha liza kuhlangabezana nezibophelelo zalo zokukhutshwa kwe-net-zero ngokuhambelana nokujoliswe kuko kwamazwe ngamazwe ukunciphisa ifuthe loluntu kutshintsho lwemozulu nakwihlabathi lendalo, iindlela zokuphucula ukujikeleza kufuneka zibe yingqwalasela yophando olutsha.Ngokucacileyo, indlela "yoshishino njengesiqhelo" ayisekho.
IYunivesithi yaseLiège (2022) Ukuphuhlisa iifoam ze-polyurethane ezizinzileyo nezinokuphinda zisetyenziswe [kwi-intanethi] phys.org.kwamkelekile:
Ukwakha ngeKhemistri (iwebhusayithi) Iipolyurethanes kuLwakhiwo [kwi-intanethi] Buildingwithchemistry.org.kwamkelekile:
Gadhav, RV et al (2019) Iindlela zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma ye-polyurethane: uphononongo lwe-Open Journal ye-Polymer Chemistry, i-9 pp. 39-51 [kwi-intanethi] scirp.org.kwamkelekile:
Ukuzihlangula: Iimbono ezichazwe apha zezombhali ngokwesikhundla sakhe kwaye azibonisi izimvo ze-AZoM.com Limited T/A AZoNetwork, umnini kunye nomsebenzi wale webhusayithi.Esi sibhengezo siyinxalenye yemigaqo nemiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwale webhusayithi.
U-Reg Davey ngumbhali ozimeleyo kunye nomhleli ose-Nottingham, e-UK.Ukubhalela i-AZoNetwork imele indibaniselwano yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezinomdla kunye nemimandla ebenomdla kwaye ebandakanyeka kuyo kwiminyaka, kubandakanywa i-microbiology, i-biomedical sciences kunye nesayensi yokusingqongileyo.
David, Reginald (23 May 2023).Ngaba ikhuselekile kangakanani ukusingqongileyo i-polyurethane foam?AZoBuild.Ibuyiselwe ngoNovemba 22, 2023, ukusuka ku-https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.
UDavid, uReginald: "Inobuhlobo kangakanani nokusingqongileyo i-polyurethane foam?"AZoBuild.NgoNovemba 22, 2023
UDavid, uReginald: "Inobuhlobo kangakanani nokusingqongileyo i-polyurethane foam?"AZoBuild.https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.(Ifikelelwe ngoNovemba 22, 2023).
UDavid, uReginald, 2023. Uhlaza kangakanani amagwebu ePolyurethane?AZoBuild, ifunyenwe nge-22 kaNovemba 2023, https://www.azobuild.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=8610.
Kolu dliwano-ndlebe, uMuriel Gubar, umphathi wecandelo lehlabathi jikelele kwizinto zokwakha eMalvern Panalytical, uxoxa ngemingeni yozinzo kwishishini lesamente kunye ne-AzoBuild.
Ngolu Suku lwaManina lweHlabathi, i-AZoBuild ibe novuyo lokuthetha noGqr. Silke Langenberg ovela e-ETH Zurich malunga nomsebenzi wakhe oncomekayo kunye nophando.
I-AZoBuild ithetha noStephen Ford, umlawuli we-Suscons kunye nomseki we-Street2Meet, malunga namanyathelo awongamelayo ukudala ikhusi ezomeleleyo, ezihlala ixesha elide kwaye ezikhuselekileyo kwabo basweleyo.
Eli nqaku liza kubonelela ngesishwankathelo sezinto zokwakha ze-bioengineered kwaye sixoxe ngezinto, iimveliso, kunye neeprojekthi eziya kwenzeka ngenxa yophando kule ndawo.
Njengoko imfuno ye-decarbonize yendawo eyakhiwe kunye nokwakha izakhiwo ze-carbon-neutral zinyuka, ukunciphisa i-carbon kubalulekile.
I-AZoBuild ithethe noNjingalwazi uNoguchi kunye noMaruyama malunga nophando lwabo kunye nophuhliso kwi-calcium carbonate concrete (CCC), into entsha enokuthi ibangele ukuguqulwa kozinzo kwishishini lokwakha.
I-AZoBuild kunye ne-architectural cooperative Lacol ixoxa ngeprojekthi yabo yezindlu zentsebenziswano eLa Borda e-Barcelona, eSpain.Le projekthi yadweliswa kwiBhaso le-EU le-2022 le-Contemporary Architecture - iBhaso le-Mies van der Rohe.
I-AZoBuild ixoxa ngeprojekthi yayo yezindlu zamakhaya ezingama-85 kunye ne-EU Mies van der Rohe ophumelele ibhaso lokugqibela iPeris+Toral Arquitectes.
Ngowama-2022 kungekudala nje, uchulumanco luyakhula emva kokubhengezwa koluhlu olufutshane lweefemu zezokwakha ezichongelwe iBhaso leManyano yaseYurophu leContemporary Architecture – iBhaso leMies van der Rohe.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-22-2023
